Hardware and Software Essay

The processor is the brain of a computer. It reads instructions from your software and tells computer what to do. The speed at which the CPU processes information internally is measured in Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz). 1 GHz is equal to 1,000 MHz. Generally, processors with higher MHz or GHz enhance your ability to run creative, entertainment, communication, and productivity applications. The processor has three main functions: 1. It controls the transmission of data from input devices to memory. 2. It processes the data held in main memory. 3. It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output devices. The processor is held on a single board called a mother board. Operating System I think operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Operating systems provide a software platform on top of which other programs, called application programs, run. The application programs must be written to run on top of a particular operating system. Your choice of operating system, therefore, determines to a great extent the applications you can run. For PCs, the most popular operating systems are DOS, OS/2, and Windows, but others are available, such as Linux. Monitors I think a large monitor is better because it will accommodate all those floating palettes that modern graphics applications have and it will have more room to see the design. It saves time when people are working on more than windows. It makes it easier to move about thing between different windows. Video Cards Video card is the piece of hardware that takes that output and tells the monitor which of the dots on the screen to light up (and in what color) to allow you to see it. I think video card is one of the components that has an impact on system performance and it can impact on performance more than any other component in the PC. These cards can shift millions of pixel for high quality view of the images. Hard Drives I think backing up data is very important. This could be done on Hard Disks. For Example a self employed designer may back up work files onto external hard disk, CD, DVD, or Removable disk drive but as organisation are larger, therefore they might back up using automated backup software. Because organisations have to transfer the data onto external drives for their clients, it could be transferred to CD format, DVD and Zip Disks. Optical Example of Optical drive is a DVD drive, this drive offers playback of CD-ROM discs allowing users to view high definition programs directly on a properly configured computer. These Drives could be built in or externally attached via a USB 2. 0. These can be used by designers to transfer data on a CD/DVD to show their clients. Sound Cards I think 3D Sound Cards are very good for PCs. It enables a computer to manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace for personal computers. Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board. Scanner Scanners can copy the image of a document, such as a photograph, or a newspaper article and create a digital version of that document so that it can be read by a computer. There are different two types of scanners which printers use today: Flatbed Sheet fed Flatbed: These scanners can scan flat originals of different sizes. They can even scan small 3D objects (For Example, hand). Sheet Fed: These scanners work a bit differently than flatbed scanners: instead of having a moving scanning head, the sheet fed scanner moved the paper past a stationary scanning head. Printer Printing quality is very important for designers/companies. Printing is a process for production of texts and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. These are mostly used for the printing of flyers, sales material and to the designing of photographs. Printer can be connected through a USB cable or sometimes there is no cable required, they can just be connected via local network. There are two main types of printers: Ink jet Laser Inkjet Printers: Ink Jet printers use dots of colored ink onto paper to create an output image. They are not very expensive to buy and it will almost print in colour. However, they can be expensive to operate if you do a lot of printing and it can be slow, and the output is faded. Laser Printers: These printers are used to create high-quality printout at high speed. They are expensive, however, and they are generally limited to black and white outputs. Types of Software Macromedia Studio 8 Macromedia Studio 8 is a complete toolkit for Web designers and animators, and it introduces new features. Many digital content makers can find their way around Macromedia software, but the upgrade to Studio 8 makes common tasks easier to execute for those without coding expertise. This package includes the following software: 1. Flash 8: An animation tool. 2. Dream weaver 8: A Web design application. 3. Fireworks 8: A graphics editor. 4. FlashPaper 2: PDF maker. 5. Contribute 3: The Web site manager. It introduces alpha channel video creation and provides new effects that animators can manipulate in real time to shrink the file sizes and hasten the playback time of Flash animation on end-user desktops. Flash, Fireworks, and Dream weaver now optimize multimedia content for cell phones, Pads, and other mobile. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 Corel released the newest version of its image editing suite, Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2. X2 is an easy-to-use, powerful image editor at an affordable price. Retailing for just $99 or less, X2 is certainly a viable option for consumers who are also considering products from Adobe. What sets X2 apart from the competition is a wide array of old and new features (some of which are unique to Corel). Photoshop 8. 0 CS Win Adobe Photoshop CS means superior results faster, with new features and enhancements that helps creating and managing images easily and efficiently. The essential new and improved features help graphic and Web designers, photographers and video professionals create the highest quality images, with the control, flexibility, and capability that is expected from the professional standard in desktop digital imaging. Microsoft Office Microsoft Office 2007 packs more improvements into the world’s leading application. Package Includes: Microsoft Word – Create and edit text and graphics in letters, reports, web pages or e-mail messages. Microsoft Excel – Perform calculations, analyse information and manage lists in spreadsheets or web pages. Microsoft PowerPoint – Create and edit presentations for slide shows, meetings and web pages.   Microsoft Outlook – Send and receive e-mail, manage schedules, contacts and tasks, and record activities. Microsoft Publisher – Create and edit newsletters, brochures, flyers, and web sites.   Microsoft Access – Create databases and programs to track and manage information. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Publisher, Access, Project, InfoPath, Visio, and OneNote all work basically as they did before, only it’s more easily. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook are the only programs to get the full interface upgrade. Outlook gets the new interface upgrade only in its content-creation screens. Xara Xtreme Xara Xtreme is a top class graphics tool, It does not matter what the level of graphics experience. With its amazing speed, small size, reasonable system requirements, moderate price, and powerful feature set, it’s hard to go wrong with Xara Xtreme. Although it’s currently only for Windows, Xara has announced plans to make Xtreme open source and to develop Macintosh and Linux versions. 1. Xara Xtreme is a fast yet powerful vector-based drawing and illustration program for Windows. 2. Includes a Picture Editor where you can crop, rotate, enhance and sharpen bitmap-based photos. 3. Suitable for Web graphics, illustration, technical drawing, animation, cartooning, and compositions. Task One (M1) I have outlined the following two hardware and stated the limitations of each hardware in terms of capture, manipulation and storage of graphics. 1. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors 2. Inkjet Printer LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Monitors: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors are based on a newer technology and are becoming very popular, mainly because they have great space and energy saving advantages over CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors. CRT and LCD monitors are based on completely different technologies, and thus have quite different display. One of the biggest advantages of LCD monitors is that they are compact and lightweight. Limitations: 1. Most CRT monitors are capable of displaying unlimited colors but LCD monitors are only capable of hundreds or thousands of colors. 2. CRT monitors are usually capable of displaying multiple video resolutions but an important issue with LCD monitors is resolution.   A CRT screen can be looked at from a very wide angle, practically from the side, but an LCD monitor typically has a smaller viewing angle, needing to be viewed more directly from the front. CRT monitors are generally more affordable than LCD monitors. Inkjet Printer: Inkjet printers have made rapid technological advances in recent years. The three-colour printer has been around for several years now and has succeeded in making colour printing an affordable option; but as the superior four-colour model became cheaper to produce, the replaceable cartridge model was gradually phased out. With each new product on the market showing improvements in performance, usability, and output quality. Limitations: 1. Slower than a laser printer. 2. An Inkjet printer is a way to have color printing available. The color is sprayed onto the paper. 3. They can be expensive to operate if you do a lot of printing and it can be slow, and the output is faded. 4. Cartridges need to be changed more frequently and the special coated paper required to produce high-quality output is very expensive. 5. Inkjets work out to be more expensive than laser printers. Task One (M1) Software Packages 1. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 2. Adobe PhotoShop 8. 0 CS Win I have chosen two of the software, which I think are good for creating, capturing and manipulation graphic images. I have chose these because the company has the Microsoft Vista as their operating system and both of these work the best on and have been especially designed for Microsoft Windows Vista. Both of these can be used by professionals. I have explained the software and features it has for each. Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2 Corel released the newest version of its image editing suite, Corel Paint Shop Pro Photo X2. The new â€Å"X2† gives enthusiast digital photographers an entirely new set of tools to unlock their creative potential. It is packed with applications for downloading, viewing, sorting, and editing/processing images, is X2. The new graphite-coloured workspace is to enable users to concentrate on the image instead of the interface, but the graphite is mostly for the benefit of Vista users, and it can be operated to use the brighter XP-style colour scheme. The new features are very welcome, such as the automatic saving of every picture you work on into a sub-folder of its original folder, in effect creating a digital negative you can always revert to if things go pear-shaped during editing. There is tool which can make people look thinner than they really are. What it actually does is make a sort of digital pleat in the picture so that anybody under the cursor looks a little bit thinner, but the rest of the picture, including anybody unfortunate enough to be nearby, gets stretched to fill in the missing pixels and ends up looking slightly fatter. The Makeover tools, which are designed to hide blemishes, remove red-eye, whiten teeth and add fake tans, have been expanded with an eye whitener, just in case subjects have had a rough night before the shoot and are sporting bloodshot eyes that might give the game away. Features they give to the User: 1. Express Lab 2. HDR Photo Merge 3. Layers Style 4. Visible Watermarks 5. Auto-Preserve Originals 6. Photo Aging Tools 7. Compatibility with Photo Shop Plug-ins Features Explained 1. Express Lab: This helps users quickly view and fix multiple photos in the same amount of time it used to take to edit just one. Common tools such as crop, rotate, red-eye removal, makeover/blemish removal, brightness, saturation, and other quick fix tools. 2. HDR Photo Merge: High Dynamic Range (HDR) Photo Merge tool can combine two or more bracketed exposures in order to produce one perfect exposure. 3. Layer Styles: It can easily apply effects such as embossing, drop shadows, or even reflections that will automatically update whenever the underlying layer is edited. 4. Visible Watermarks: This feature allows to â€Å"stamp† images with a watermark. This is perfect for protecting copyright when uploading images online. 5. Auto-Preserve Originals: It will never lose favorite photos by mistake again thanks to a feature that automatically preserves the original photos when saved an edited version , giving a way to get the original image back in case making a mistake during the editing process. 6. Photo Aging Tools: It is a unique and easy-to-use feature with the ability to apply aging filters to images and make them look like film images from decades long ago. 7. Compatibility with PhotoShop Plug-ins: An excellent feature in Corel’s Paint Shop Pro Photo series is compatibility with â€Å"most† PhotoShop plug-ins and filters. Corel PhotoShop 8. 0 CS win Review This is the new version of PhotoShop and it’s the photo graphics editor standard against the other graphic software. It is used by more graphics professionals than just about any other photo-editing and paint program. The new version has the CS (Creative Suite) extension, which includes few new features for most types of user. Everybody should benefit from the improved file browser, which offers many of the features of photo album-style products. As well as viewing thumbnails, you can preview in different sizes before loading. There’s now a simple way to match colours between photo-objects, while leaving their underlying textures unchanged. This kind of colour replacement first appeared as a red-eye tool in PhotoShop Elements. Graphic designers will like this version of PhotoShop CS for its introduction of text on a path, with which you can create and edit text running at angles and along curves. You can also work on images up to 300,000 pixels square; large enough for billboard design, and develop multiple versions of graphics using layers to hold the version differences. Adobe includes Image Ready CS with PhotoShop CS. This Web image designer and editor offers improved multiple selection controls, direct export to Macromedia Flash and more compact HTML code when finished designing. These are the Features of this Software: 1. Professional toolset 2. Colour Correction 3. Enhanced layer control 4. Improved File Browser 5. Advanced Web capabilities 6. Healing Brush 7. Special effect filters 8. Advanced type control 9. Customized workspace 10. Unparalleled efficiency These are the top ten features of why should they get this product: 1. Professional toolset. This tool can help in creating original images or modifying photos using a full assortment of painting, drawing tools. 2. Colour correction. It can Improve the color, contrast of any image with a comprehensive set of professional color-correction tools. 3. Enhanced layer control. It can combine images, text, and effects on hundreds of layers that can be organise with up to five levels of nesting and save in different combinations as Layer. 4. Improved File Browser. It can quickly preview, tag, and sort images; search and edit keywords; and automatically share batches of files from the improved File Browser. Advanced Web capabilities. It can create sophisticated Web page elements, such as roll-overs and animations, using Image Ready. Healing Brush. It removes dust, scratches, blemishes, wrinkles, and other flaws with the Healing Brush. Special effect filters. It is easy to experiment and achieve amazing results by accessing more than 95 special effects filters, Preview and apply more than one filter at a time with the new Filter Gallery.   Advanced type control. People can add vector-based text that can be edited at any time, format, warp, convert to outlines, and use for masks or other special effects. Customized workspace. People can work the way that’s best for you by saving personalised workspace and tool settings, and creating customised keyboard shortcuts. Unparalleled efficiency. Users can automate production tasks with built-in or customised scripts and the actions palette which lets users record editing steps to quickly process batches of files. Graphic and Web designers can take advantage of the features that include improved file management, new design possibilities, a way to create for the Web, and support for 16-bit images, digital camera and non-square pixels. This Software can create the highest quality images more efficiently. Task Two (P2) 1. Monitor 2. Printer Monitors: The Company bought 17†³ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors. These are flat screen monitors. I believe that the LCD monitors take less desk space but I would suggest that the company change monitors from LCD to CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) because i think CRT monitors are still considered to have a better colour range and are easier to calibrate colour accuracy. These monitors are still very popular in graphic arts where high quality reproduction is important. Benefits: 1. The designs would be seen in better and true colours because most CRT monitors are capable of displaying unlimited colours. 2. It will have better resolution because CRT monitors are usually capable of displaying multiple video resolutions, each with the same quality. 3. There is no concern about the brightness of the monitor. 4. I think it will give a better preview from different angles because a CRT screen can be looked at from a very wide angle, practically from the side. 5. CRT monitors are generally more affordable than LCD monitors. I would suggest them to buy CRT monitors OR buy bigger LCD flat monitor because I think a larger monitor will accommodate all those floating palettes that modern graphic applications have and they will have more room to see the network. They can change from 17†³ to 21†³ a monitor which is an ideal for designers. Benefits: 1. Makes Clicking Easier – it’s easier to click on larger targets. 2. Enhances Readability – It’s easier to read larger fonts. 3. Better proof that it can work and look good – Design is working and looking good. 4. Some of the monitors produce excellent colour quality and they can be moved around for a better landscape and portrait mode. Printers: They already bought a Colour Laser Printer but which is Black and White. These printers are generally quite fast, but they are more expensive. These printers use technology similar to that of a photocopier to create high-quality printout at high speed. They are expensive, however, and they are generally limited to black and white. I would suggest the company to buy a printer which is colour because when looking at a design colour is the most attractive. Benefits: 1. Colour Laser printers replaces toner than cartridges, they are more expensive but it lasts more than a cartridge. 2. Output from the printer would be colourful. A hardcopy of the image can be seen in colour. Task Three (D2) An output for graphics is very important. There are different types of Outputs that can be used for graphics. 1. Monitor 2. Printer 3. Scanner. 4. Digital Cameras 5. Mobile Phones Monitor: A monitor is the screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seen. The monitor is the most common output device. Printer: You can print your output on hardcopy devices such as laser printers and plotters. Some printers (daisy-wheel and line printers) can print only text. Other printers can print both text and graphics. Scanner: Scanners will take an image of a drawing or photo and converts them into digital images. Digital Cameras: A digital camera is a device that’s used for taking photographs, like a conventional camera. The image is stored in the camera in digital form. In order to see the pictures, the user connects the camera to the computer and views the images on screen. The pictures can be saved on disk and can also be edited, using a graphics package. Mobile Phones: A mobile phone can be used to take photographs like a digital camera. The image is stored in the phone memory. The user can see the picture by connecting the phone to a computer to view or manipulate. The pictures can be moved from the phone memory to the computer hard disk. Resolution is very important for any type of output device. Resolution Refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image. The term is most often used to describe how well an image matches with the original. The correct resolution for an image is determined by the output device (World Wide Web, Inkjet printer, laser printer, etc). 1. Printer Resolution – Measured by the number of ink dots per inch or (DPI). DPI is dots of ink, toner that is placed on a paper. 2. Scanner Resolution – The correct resolution for a scan is determined by the targeted output device or display. For Example, a scanned image will only be viewed on a computer monitor. 3. Digital Camera Resolution – When deciding on resolution needs, thinking about intended output is important. If digital camera is there only to create images for the web then a one Mega Pixel camera is sufficient. Size Size refers to the physical dimensions of an image. Image can be created by using inches and centimetres and by resolution using pixels. If the picture is for the screens (On a Monitor) then using pixels is a good idea but for printing using inches and centimetres is good. Colour The colour depth of the image is not same as the actual number of colours it contains. The colour depth tells the maximum number of colours the image is capable of containing. Images with the colour depth of 15 million colours look the best because they contain the most colours. However not all devices can display 16 million colours. For Example, GIF images, a popular format for the web (Monitor), can only contain 256 colours. It is very important that we keep in mind what the picture is for and where is it going to be viewed to audience. To improve performance of graphics output, most graphics devices provide some form of buffering. By default, Scheme’s graphics procedures flush this buffer after every drawing operation. The procedures in this section allow the user to control the flushing of the output buffer. When exporting an image for screen outputs, it’s very important what format of the picture is exported. These are few formats that are mostly used for screen and printing outputs. 1. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) 2. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) 3. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) 4. BMP (Bitmap) 5. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) JPEG is designed for compressing either full-colour or Gray-scale digital images of â€Å"natural†, real-world scenes. It does not work very well on non-realistic images and does not handle black-and-white. It is one of the most popular image formats used on the Internet. It can reduce a file’s size by as much as 96%. It is used when 24-bit colour are used and mostly when it is for Internet distribution. GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) It is one of the two most common file formats for graphic images on the World Wide Web. It supports up to 8-bit colour images, and it is optimised for high contrast images and blocks of colours. It uses loss-less compression, GIF supports single colour transparency and animation and it does not support layers or alpha channels. It is used when a single colour transparency needed, when a single file animation is produced for use on the Internet and when the picture have fewer than or acceptable with 256 colours. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) It is a file format designed for the web graphics and is used to transmit and store bit-mapped images. It was created specifically for the Internet and other networks. It supports 24-bit colour with loss-less compression, one alpha channel, alpha transparency, and slightly better compression than GIF. The current generation of net scape Navigator and Internet Explorer may not completely support PNG and previous browsers do not support it at all. It also does not support layers. It is mostly used for high colour alpha transparency and for loss-less compression of high colour images. BMP (Bitmap) This was invented by Microsoft. Many graphics programs running under Windows, which support monochrome up to 24-bit colour formats, use the BMP format. The BMP format does not support image file compression. TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) A TIFF is one of most widely supported file format for storing images on a computer. It can handle a range from one bit to 24 bits of photographic image, but as an older format, images saved as TIFF files tend to be larger than JPEG or . PSD formats. Tagged-Image File Format is a flexible bitmap image format supported by virtually all paint, image-editing, and page-layout applications. Also, virtually all desktop scanners can produce TIFF images. Affects of Output devices:   Colour is most important thing which affects everyone’s eye on any of the output. Monitors: Monitor size will affect the design output because there are designs which look differently when we view by using wide screen monitor rather than normal standard screen.   TRC monitor can harm the eye sight, because of the UV radiation, however LCD monitors aren’t dangerous for the eye sight but if you have a TRC kind monitor you could put a filter to protect the eyesight. Printing: 4. When printing a hardcopy from a printer, the most important thing is that what paper is going to be useful and what printer is required to print out the original design.

Art and Irony Essay

Dreams are the paints of a great artist, and the world is their canvas. Artists are able to produce beautiful art pieces using their ideas and imaginations. Through art, we are able to communicate stories of tragedy, peace, hardship, and ease. In many ways, visual art and written stories can be compared to one another. Like a frame to a picture, the techniques in a short story help keep the story together. As for the elements they can be seen as the painting itself, providing both story and beauty. Both techniques and elements play crucial roles together. In both short stories â€Å"The Blues Merchant† and â€Å"Rich For One Day†, the influence of the ironic technique towards characterization and theme can be noticeably seen. The use of irony greatly affects the overall theme of the Blues Merchant, like a border to a beautiful painting. We see the theme shift when we see the guard nodding to the rhythm of the Blues Merchant. When confronted by the guard sergeant, he receives the message which is â€Å" You are not supposed to enjoy the blues. You get paid to watch, not to be human† (Washington 284). After this particular even takes place, we see how the Blues Merchant is able to shift the freedom of the guards, and the entrapment of the prisoners. Through the Blues Merchants’ music, the guards are becoming trapped and confined while the prisoners are being able to taste freedom. The ironic technique can be seen when this occurs. The same technique can be seen when the narrator is describing the concert. In the last sentence of the story, the narrator states, â€Å"The guards remain trapped behind the prison walls while, if only for a short time, we are free† (Washington 284). Irony is at play in this sentence because the full transformation of the prisoners and guards is showcased. The theme of the story is reflected through irony, and the irony is shown in this quote. The theme of the story is that music can set you free, and the technique used plays a part by freeing the prisoners. The best paintings are the ones that that tell us stories. The Blues Merchant is able to paint a beautiful story of freedom for the struggling man. The Blues Merchant paints a powerful picture. Not only can an ironic technique affect the theme of a story, but it can also effect the development of characters. We see this take place in â€Å"Rich For One Day†. Aline is girl who seems to be down in fortune, but seems to think otherwise. Aline misjudges her wealth when she remembers that she â€Å" [is] rich today. She [has] eight dollars, a fortune.† (Suzanne 257). The fact that this economically unstable woman finds herself rich with eight dollars is ironic. She tries to convince herself that her own life is a life of luxury and comfort, although in reality, this is not the case. Aline tries to hide and stay away from the harsh truth when we see her â€Å" Not quite awake and that she felt too rich today to give an answer† (Suzanne 257) to the designer calling her about a possible job offer. Considering that Aline is not doing well for herself, she should see to take this job, but instead she refuses to give an answer to the designer. The irony is seen when she says that she is deemed too rich to give an appropriate answer. If she were actually rich, then this statement would not be ironic, but considering she only has eight dollars in her bank account, then her saying that really tells the reader what kind of person Aline really is. Characters in a story are fundamental to a stories success. If an ironic technique is used effectively, the development of such characters can be very fruitful and promising. Authors use many different techniques to transform the core aspects of a story. Artists can use different types of paint, or different bristles to create a desired affect on their work. Both authors and artists alike have been adapting these different ways of expressing their works for the sole purpose of communicating with their audience. Irony has proven to be a useful tool in terms of enhancing a theme of a story, or the development of a character. Imagine what stories and art would be without real purpose. What a story would be without effective technique. A painting without a story, A picture without a frame.

A study on motivational factors influencing work place behaviour of employees

This project is entitled A STUDY ON MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WORK PLACE BEHAVIOUR OF EMPLOYEES with reference to â€Å"TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,†, located at Neyveli. In this company there are 145 employees including the staff members. For this study, I have chosen a sample size 30 employees through a systematic sampling. This study helps to know the factors that are influencing the motivational level of employees in the organization. This project had been undertaken by me to find out the needs and wants of the employees to motivate them. Under this Study a questionnaire that contained the questions relating to the employees expectations are given to them and their responses are recorded. The gathered data had been analyzed relating to employee motivations. CHAPTER-1 1. INTRODUCTION The project work titled as A STUDY ON MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WORK PLACE BEHAVIOUR OF EMPLOYEES with special reference to TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,, is mainly conducted to identify the factors which will motivate the employees in that organization. Management’s basic job is the effective utilization of human resources for achievements of organizational objectives. The personnel management is concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the enterprise and to develop the talent of people at work to the fullest satisfaction. Motivation implies that one person, in organization context a manager, includes another, say an employee, to engage in action by ensuring that a channel to satisfy those needs and aspirations becomes available to the person. In addition to this, the strong needs in a direction that is satisfying to the latent needs in employees and harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. Employee motivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinates or to create the ‘will to work’ among the subordinates. It should also be remembered that a worker may be immensely capable of doing some work; nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work. A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Hence these studies focus on the employee motivation among the employees of Premier Buildings Materials Ltd. , The data needed for the study has been collected from the employees through questionnaires and through direct interviews. Analysis and interpretation has been done by using the statistical tools and data’s are presented through tables and charts. 1. 1INDUSTRY PROFILE: Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic growth and human development. There is a strong two-way relationship between economic development and energy consumption. On one hand, growth of an economy, with its global competitiveness, hinges on the availability of cost-effective and environmentally benign energy sources, and on the other hand, the level of economic development has been observed to be reliant on the energy demand. Coal India now ranks third amongst the coal producing countries in the world. Being the most abundant fossil fuel in India till date, it continues to be one of the most important sources for meeting the domestic energy needs. It accounts for 55% of the country’s total energy supplies. Through sustained increase in investment, production of coal increased from about 70 MT (million tonnes) (MoC 2005) in early 1970s to 382 MT in 2004/05. Most of the coal production in India comes from open pit mines contributing to over 81% of the total production while underground mining accounts for rest of the national output mainly from Neyveli (MoC 2005) 1. 2COMPANY PROFILE: TAQA Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, PJSC (TAQA) Type state-owned Traded as ADX: TAQA Industry Energy Founded 2005 Headquarters Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Owner(s) Government of Abu Dhabi Employees 2,800 (Aug 2011) Subsidiaries TAQA North, TAQA Bratani Website www. taqa. ae The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, PJSC (TAQA) (ADX: TAQA) is a government controlled energy holding company of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. TAQA is one of Abu Dhabi’s flagship companies and as such has an important role to play in helping to deliver the economic strategy of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. [citation needed] History TAQA was founded in June 2005 pursuant to the provisions of Emiri Decree in 2005 as a public joint stock company. In May 2006 TAQA appointed Mr. Peter E. Barker-Homek, an American businessman, as its first CEO. TAQA expanded quickly under the guidance of Mr. Barker-Homek, making several key acquisitions in Africa and North America In Canada, TAQA acquired Northrock Resources Ltd. (US$ 2 billion) Pioneer Natural Resources Canada Inc (US$ 540 million) and PrimeWest Energy Trust (US$ 5 billion). In 2008 TAQA acquired several North Sea assets from Shell U. K. Limited and Esso Exploration and Production (UK) Limited. The purchase included all equity, associated infrastructure and production licenses relating to the Tern, Eider, Cormorant North, South Cormorant, Kestrel and Pelican fields and related sub-sea satellite fields. [citation needed] In late 2009 Mr Barker-Homek relinquished his position as CEO and was replaced by Carl Sheldon. Operations TAQAs main focus of investments is the companies engaged in power generation, water desalination, and production and storage of oil and gas. In addition, it has invested in mining, metal, and services sectors. TAQA has investments in over 60 companies. Its principal wholly owned subsidiaries include Emirates Power Company, Gulf Power Company, Arabian United Power Company, Al Shuweihat Power Company, Taweelah United Power Company, Union Power Holding Company, TAQA Bratani Limited, TAQA Energy B. V. , TAQA North Ltd. and Takoradi International Company, operator of the Takoradi Power Station II. TAQA owns majority stakes in assets that provide about 85% of Abu Dhabis power generation and 90% of its water desalination capacity. In addition to the Persian Gulf region, TAQA has assets in Europe, Asia and Africa. It has interests in the Tern Alpha, Eider Alpha, Cormorant North, Cormorant Alpha, Kestrel and Pelican fields and related sub-sea satellite fields in the North Sea. On 3 August 2009, TAQA took over operatorship of the North Sea Brent Oil Pipelines System. In addition, in 2006 TAQA acquired BP Nederland Energie B. V. Through this acquisition, TAQA get onshore and off-shore production assets, including the Piek Gas Installatie facility in Alkmaar, the project of the largest offshore LNG Regas facilities utilizing the depleted field P15/P18 just off the port of Rotterdam, and partnership in the Bergermeer gas storage project. In August 2009, it bought a 15% interest in North Sea assets from the L11b Group took over the operatorship of the L11b-A production platform. Through the acquisition of CMS Generation, TAQA has assets in the UAE, Ghana, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and India. On January 3, 2013, TAQA signed an agreement with Turkey to invest about $12 billion to develop the coal fields in the Southern Turkey. This deal is considered as the second biggest Arab investment in Turkey in the energy sector. Shareholders TAQA is listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. The company is 75. 1% indirectly owned by the government of Abu Dhabi. The government of Abu Dhabi through ADWEA owns 51%, ADWEA transferred 24. 1% of its shareholding to the Fund for the Support of Farm Owners in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The balance (24. 9%) is traded publicly on the Abu Dhabi Securities Market. Finance Standard Poors has assigned A+/A-1 corporate credit ratings to TAQA. Moodys has assigned a rating of Aa3 to TAQAs long term foreign and local currency obligations. Combining world-class expertise and a dynamic and exciting portfolio of assets, TAQA has been transformed from a start-up into a truly global operator within the space of seven years. TAQA AT A GLANCE Full name Abu Dhabi National Energy Company PJSC Nature of business Oil and gas exploration and production, power generation and water desalination and Energy Solutions 2012 revenue AED 27. 8 Bn USD 7. 6 Bn 2012 profit AED 649 Mn USD 176. 7 Mn Total assets as at 31 Dec 2012 AED 122. 6 Bn USD 33. 4 Bn Number of employees 2,800 Operating in North America, Europe and Greater MENA (Middle East, North Africa and India) Founded June 2005 Listed August 2005 Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange Principal shareholders Abu Dhabi Government and Government agencies 72. 5% Public shareholders 27. 5% Power generation capacity 16,395 MW Water desalination capacity 887 MIGD Oil Gas production 135,400 boe/d * US$1. 00 (United States dollar) = AED3. 6725 (UAE dirhams) 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To study , analyze and to understand the motivational factors of employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. , that affects their work place behavior. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: To identify the various motivational schemes that already exists in the organization. To measure the level of motivation experienced by the employees in the organization 1. 4 NEED FOR THE STUDY: To study and know the employee motivation scenario in TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,, To know that the employees satisfaction level with the motivation factors undertaken by the company. To identify steps taken by the organization to motivates its employees. To identify the factors that influence the work place behavior of employees. 1. 5 SCOPE FOR THE STUDY: This study helps the researcher to realize the importance of effective employee motivation. This study explores the views expressed by the Respondents about the motivation and providing solutions in an attempt to develop a better system. The importance of studying employee motivation is to understand the internal satisfaction of every employee. The findings of this study help the company to fulfill the expectations of the employees. It helps to provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organizations that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The limitations of the study are the following As the data was collected through questionnaire, the responds from the respondents may not be accurate. The sample taken for the study was only 30 and the results drawn may not be accurate. Another difficulty was very limited time-span of the project. Lack of experience of Researcher. CHAPTER-2: 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. 1 THEORETICAL REVIEW Rensis Likerthas called motivation as the core of management. Motivation is the core of management. Motivation is an effective instrument in the hands of the management in inspiring the work force . It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinate or to create the will to work among the subordinates . It should also be remembered that the worker may be immensely capable of doing some work, nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work . creation of a will to work is motivation in simple but true sense of term. Motivation is an important function which very manager performs for actuating the people to work for accomplishment of objectives of the organization . Issuance of well conceived instructions and orders does not mean that they will be followed . A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Effective motivation succeeds not only in having an order accepted but also in gaining a determination to see that it is executed efficiently and effectively. In order to motivate workers to work for the organizational goals, the managers must determine the motives or needs of the workers and provide an environment in which appropriate incentives are available for their satisfaction . If the management is successful in doing so; it will also be successful in increasing the willingness of the workers to work. This will increase efficiency and effectiveness of the organization . There will be better utilization of resources and workers abilities and capacities. 2. 1. 1 The concept of motivation The word motivation has been derived from motive which means any idea, need or emotion that prompts a man in to action. Whatever may be the behavior of man, there is some stimulus behind it . Stimulus is dependent upon the motive of the person concerned. Motive can be known by studying his needs and desires. There is no universal theory that can explain the factors influencing motives which control mans behavior at any particular point of time. In general, the different motives operate at different times among different people and influence their behaviors. The process of motivation studies the motives of individuals which cause different type of behavior. 2. 1. 2 Definition of Motivation â€Å"Motivation in the real world is the art of getting the extra effort from everyone including yourself†. Management Research, October 2007, ICFAI University press. 2. 1. 3 Saul W. Gellerman According to â€Å"Saul W. Gellerman†, â€Å"Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do their work through the possibility of gain or reward†. HRM Review, July 2008, by Saul W. Gellerman . 2. 1. 4 Motivation According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, a motive is â€Å"something a need or desire that causes a person to act†. â€Å"Motivate, in turn, means â€Å"to provide with a motive,† and motivation is defined as â€Å"the act or process of motivating†. Consequently, motivation is the performance or procedure of presenting an intention that origin a person to capture some accomplishment (Shanks. N. H. ). According to Butkus Green, motivation is derived from the word â€Å"motivate†, means to move, push or influence to proceed for fulfilling a want Business Management and Strategy ISSN 2157-6068 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1 2. 1. 4 Significance of Motivation Motivation involves getting the members of the group to pull weight effectively, to give their loyalty to the group, to carry out properly the purpose of the organization. The following results may be expected if the employees are properly motivated. 1. The workforce will be better satisfied if the management provides them with opportunities to fulfill their physiological and psychological needs. The workers will cooperate voluntarily with the management and will contribute their maximum towards the goals of the enterprise. 2. Workers will tend to be as efficient as possible by improving upon their skills and knowledge so that they are able to contribute to the progress of the organization. This will also result in increased productivity. 3. The rates of labor’s turnover and absenteeism among the workers will be low. 4. There will be good human relations in the organization as friction among the workers themselves and between the workers and the management will decrease. 5. The number of complaints and grievances will come down. Accident will also be low. 6. There will be increase in the quantity and quality of products. Wastage and scrap will be less. Better quality of products will also increase the public image of the business. 2. 1. 5 Motivation Process. 1. Identification of need 2. Tension 3. Course of action 4. Result –Positive/Negative 5. Feed back 2. 1. 6 Theories of Motivation. Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne study results (Terpstra, 1979). Six major approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Mcclelland’s Achievement Need Theory, Behavior Modification theory; Abraham H Mallows need hierarchy or Deficient theory of motivation. J. S. Adam’s Equity Theory, Vrooms Expectation Theory, Two factor Theory. McClelland’s Achievement Need Theory. According to McClelland’s there are three types of needs; Need for Achievement ; This need is the strongest and lasting motivating factor. Particularly in case of persons who satisfy the other needs. They are constantly pre occupied with a desire for improvement and lack for situation in which successful outcomes are directly correlated with their efforts. They set more difficult but achievable goals for themselves because success with easily achievable goals hardly provides a sense of achievement. Need for Power It is the desire to control the behavior of the other people and to manipulate the surroundings. Power motivations positive applications results in domestic leadership style, while it negative application tends autocratic style. Need for affiliation It is the related to social needs and creates friendship. This results in formation of informal groups or social circle. Behavioral Modification Theory; According to this theory people behavior is the outcome of favorable and unfavorable past circumstances. This theory is based on learning theory. Skinner conducted his researches among rats and school children. He found that stimulus for desirable behavior could be strengthened by rewarding it at the earliest. In the industrial situation, this relevance of this theory may be found in the installation of financial and non financial incentives. More immediate is the reward and stimulation or it motivates it. Withdrawal of reward incase of low standard work may also produce the desired result. However, researches show that it is generally more effective to reward desired behavior than to punish undesired behavior. Abraham H Maslow Need Hierarchy or Deficient theory of Motivation. The intellectual basis for most of motivation thinking has been provided by behavioral scientists, A. H Maslow and Frederick Herzberg, who’s published works are the â€Å"Bible of Motivation†. Although Maslow himself did not apply his theory to industrial situation, it has wide impact for beyond academic circles. Douglous Mac Gregor has used Maslow’s theory to interpret specific problems in personnel administration and industrial relations. The crux of Maslow’s theory is that human needs are arranged in hierarchy composed of five categories. The lowest level needs are physiological and the highest levels are the self actualization needs. Maslow starts with the formation that man is a wanting animal with a hierarchy of needs of which some are lower ins scale and some are in a higher scale or system of values. As the lower needs are satisfied, higher needs emerge. Higher needs cannot be satisfied unless lower needs are fulfilled. A satisfied need is not a motivator. This resembles the standard economic theory of diminishing returns. The hierarchy of needs at work in the individual is today a routine tool of personnel trade and when these needs are active, they act as powerful conditioners of behavior- as Motivators. Hierarchy of needs; the main needs of men are five. They are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego needs and self actualization needs, as shown in order of their importance The above five basic needs are regarded as striving needs which make a person do things. The first model indicates the ranking of different needs. The second is more helpful in indicating how the satisfaction of the higher needs is based on the satisfaction of lower needs. It also shows how the number of person who has experienced the fulfillment of the higher needs gradually tapers off. Physiological or Body Needs: The individual move up the ladder responding first to the physiological needs for nourishment, clothing and shelter. These physical needs must be equated with pay rate, pay practices and to an extent with physical condition of the job. Safety: The next in order of needs is safety needs, the need to be free from danger, either from other people or from environment. The individual want to assured, once his bodily needs are satisfied, that they are secure and will continue to be satisfied for foreseeable feature. The safety needs may take the form of job security, security against disease, misfortune, old age etc as also against industrial injury. Such needs are generally met by safety laws, measure of social security, protective labor laws and collective agreements. Social needs: Going up the scale of needs the individual feels the desire to work in a cohesive group and develop a sense of belonging and identification with a group. He feels the need to love and be loved and the need to belong and be identified with a group. In a large organization it is not easy to build up social relations. However close relationship can be built up with at least some fellow workers. Every employee wants to feel that he is wanted or accepted and that he is not an alien facing a hostile group. Ego or Esteem Needs: These needs are reflected in our desire for status and recognition, respect and prestige in the work group or work place such as is conferred by the recognition of one’s merit by promotion, by participation in management and by fulfillment of workers urge for self expression. Some of the needs relate to ones esteem e. g. ; need for achievement, self confidence, knowledge, competence etc. On the job, this means praise for a job but more important it means a feeling by employee that at all times he has the respect of his supervisor as a person and as a contributor to the organizational goals. Self realization or Actualization needs: This upper level need is one which when satisfied provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organization that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs makes the employee gives up the dependence on others or on the environment. He becomes growth oriented, self oriented, directed, detached and creative. This need reflects a state defined in terms of the extent to which an individual attains his personnel goal. This is the need which totally lies within oneself and there is no demand from any external situation or person. J. S Adams Equity Theory Employee compares her/his job inputs outcome ratio with that of reference. If the employee perceives inequity, she/he will act to correct the inequity: lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, voluntary resignation. Vrooms Expectation Theory Vroom’s theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Reward may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Two Factor Theory Douglas McGregor introduced the theory with the help of two views; X assumptions are conservative in style Assumptions are modern in style. X Theory Individuals inherently dislike work. People must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve the objectives. People prefer to be directed Y Theory People view work as being as natural as play and rest People will exercise self direction and control towards achieving objectives they are Committed to. People learn to accept and seek responsibility Types of Motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is morally significant. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or good grades) Incentives An incentive is something which stimulates a person towards some goal. It activates human needs and creates the desire to work. Thus, an incentive is a means of motivation. In organizations, increase in incentive leads to better performance and vice versa. Need for Incentives Man is a wanting animal. He continues to want something or other. He is never fully satisfied. If one need is satisfied, the other need arises. In order to motivate the employees, the management should try to satisfy their needs. For this purpose, both financial and non financial incentives may be used by the management to motivate the workers. Financial incentives or motivators are those which are associated with money. They include wages and salaries, fringe benefits, bonus, retirement benefits etc. Non financial motivators are those which are not associated with monetary rewards. They include intangible incentives like ego-satisfaction, self-actualization and responsibility. INCENTIVES Financial Incentives Non-financial incentives Wages and Salaries. * Competition Bonus * Group recognition Medical reimbursement *Job security Insurance *Praise Retirement benefits *Workers participation *Suggestion systems Motivation is the key to performance improvement There is an old saying you can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink; it will drink only if its thirsty so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ivory tower they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. Are they born with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus: Job performance = f (ability) (motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation. There are broadly seven strategies for motivation. Positive reinforcement / high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employee’s needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance Essentially, there is a gap between an individual’s actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. 2. 2 RESEARCH REVIEW The research problem here in this study is associated with the motivation of employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,. There are a variety of factors that can influence a person’s level of motivation; some of these factors include 1. The level of pay and benefits, 2. The perceived fairness of promotion system within a company, 3. Quality of the working conditions, 4. Leadership and social relationships, 5. Employee recognition 6. Job security 7. Career development opportunities etc. Motivated employees are a great asset to any organization. It is because the motivation and Job satisfaction is clearly linked. Hence this study is focusing on the employee motivation in the organization. 2. 3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation or postulate by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be. It is an informed/educated guess. It indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated. Research hypotheses are the specific testable predictions made about the independent and dependent variables in the study. Hypotheses are couched in terms of the particular independent and dependent variables that are going to be used in the study. The research hypothesis of this study is as follows. HYPOTHESIS: There is significant relationship between income and motivation level of the employees CHAPTER -3 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Research is a systematic method of finding solutions to problems. It is essentially an Investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge. According to Clifford woody, â€Å"research comprises of defining and redefining problem, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, reaching conclusions, testing conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis. † 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN: A Research design is plan that specifies the objectives of the study, method to be adopted in the collection of the data, tools in analysis of data and helpful to frame hypothesis. â€Å"A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with economy in procedure†. Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various project operations, thereby making the project as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal data collected. 3. 2 Sampling Design. A sample design is a finite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Simple systematic sampling is used for this study. 3. 3 Universe. The universe chosen for the research study is the employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. , 3. 4 Sample Size. Number of the sampling units selected from the population is called the size of the sample. Sample of 30 respondents were obtained from the population. 3. 5 Sampling Procedure. The procedure adopted in the present study is probability sampling, which is also known as chance sampling. Under this sampling design, every item of the frame has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. 3. 6 Methods of Data Collection. The data’s were collected through Primary and secondary sources. 3. 6. 1 Primary Sources. Primary data are in the form of â€Å"raw material† to which statistical methods are applied for the purpose of analysis and interpretations. The primary sources are discussion with employees, data’s collected through questionnaire. 3. 6. 2 Secondary Sources. Secondary data’s are in the form of finished products as they have already been treated statistically in some form or other. The secondary data mainly consists of data and information collected from records, company websites and also discussion with the management of the organization. Secondary data was also collected from journals, magazines and books. 3. 6. 3 Nature of Research. Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. 3. 6. 4 Questionnaire. A well defined questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. A defeated questionnaire was carefully prepared and specially numbered. The questions were arranged in proper order, in accordance with the relevance. 3. 6. 5 Nature of Questions Asked. The questionnaire consists of closed ended, dichotomous questions and open ended question. 3. 6. 6 Pre-testing A pre-testing of questionnaire was conducted with 10 questionnaires, which were distributed and all of them were collected back as completed questionnaire. On the basis of doubts raised by the respondents the questionnaire was redialed to its present form. 3. 6. 7 Sample A finite subset of population, selected from it with the objective of investigating its properties called a sample. A sample is a representative part of the population. A sample of 30 respondents in total has been randomly selected. The response to various elements under each questions were totaled for the purpose of various statistical testing. 3. 6. 8 Variables of the Study. The direct variable of the study is the employee motivation, Indirect variables are the motivational schemes, motivational level and job satisfaction and effectiveness of employees. 3. 6. 9 Presentation of Data. The data are presented through charts and tables. 3. 6. 10 Tools and Techniques for Analysis. Statistical method: Percentage method Bar chart Statistical tool used: To arrange and interpret the collected data the following statistical tool used is ANOVA. CHAPTER-4 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: 4. 1 PE

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The Gender Wage Gap in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Gender Wage Gap in America - Essay Example Your thesis gives the first premise, the second premise is appropriately missing, and the conclusion is well stated. I, however, cannot find disagreement in your thesis and I think you should have how all Americans will benefit from the bridging of the gender wage gap. I agree with your rebuttals that women are still the primary caregivers and tend to take more flexible jobs and that women tend to make occupational choices differently from men (2). I, however, must add that the issue of occupational choices is caused by socialization. Most women are socialized to believe that they cannot handle tough jobs which are a preserve for the males. Accordingly, such women choose to pursue less demanding jobs, which equally have lower pay. The essay should be more accommodative to readers that may view this issue differently. You should lay more emphasis on how gender-based discrimination in wages affects every American whether male or female. You need to let the men know that you’re n ot blaming them for the issue, but the system instead. You should not make them feel responsible for the plight of women in terms of poor wages. I appreciate that you have used various sentence structures. There are simple, compound, and complex sentences in the essay. Your ideas are flowing nicely. I, however think you should have addressed the issues that have led to gender-based wages in consecutive paragraphs without introducing the idea of racially discriminative wages. The essay should be more accommodative to readers.

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Company Law - Essay Example The House of Lords also held that once a company is incorporated, it acquires a legal status or personality that gives it the capacity to sue or be sued under its own name5. This implies that a company can file civil or legal proceedings against any person including the members who form it in its own name as noted by Talbot6. At the same time, the shareholders of the company can sue the company in its own name in case of breach. The House of Lords further noted that a legal entity in the form of a company exists perpetually; it is only when a company is liquidated or wound up that it stops to exist legally. This implies that the death of members of a company does not affect the existence of the company. Since the company is a separate entity, it will continue to operate even if all the members who formed it are dead7. This is attributable to the fact that the company will acquire other members such as through the issuance of shares or debentures to ensure its continuity8. The company can also employ workers in its own name to ensure its effective and efficient operation. Based on the precedence set by the House of Lords in Salomon v Salomon (1897) it is enshrined in English law that when an entity is incorporated, it is considered to be a separate legal personality. In this respect, the entity becomes separate from the individuals or organizations who take part in it. In other words, the owners and directors of the company or members of the company considered to be separate from the company. For a company that is limited by shares, the law assumes that it exists perpetually irrespective of the changes that may occur with respect to its constitution and membership. Furthermore, an incorporated entity can own any kind of property and hence has... This paper approves that the court further considered whether the subsidiaries were agents of the parent or not and analysed the situation from the corporate veil point. The Court of Appeal rejected the notion of treating the corporations as a single economic entity and held that the interest of justice did not feature as criteria for lifting the veil. The Court further held that that agency did not apply in the case much as sham and fraud did not apply in the same case. In making a ruling, the court noted that only three circumstances warranted the unveiling of a company; where a company is merely a facade, where a court is making interpretation of a statute, and when the subsidiary is an agent of the parent. This report makes a conclusion that a company is accorded equal treatment to that that may be given to any other independent individual. If for example, a sole trader incorporates his or her business and engages in contracts through the company as opposed to using his or her own name, then the company by law is not considered a trustee or agent of the sole proprietor. The existence of the new â€Å"person† that is the company survives its members, directors, shareholders, and employees for as long as it has not been liquidated or wound up. In as much as the Salomon case upholds the notion of separate legal personality, courts sometimes go to the extent of lifting the veil of corporation to establish the human faces behind the companies.

Critically evaluate John Lewis Partniership as an example of conscious Essay - 1

Critically evaluate John Lewis Partniership as an example of conscious capitalism - Essay Example The company has a great distinction of being the high-street website in United Kingdom. The image of the company is upmarket, and it helps in appealing to both the middle and upper class shoppers. Recently, the company has broadened its marketing strategy towards all types of buyers in the market. This has been done through the introduction of the value range to the John Lewis stores and essential to Waitrose supermarkets, and ultimately the expansion of the whole business. The model upon which John Lewis Partnership has been able to develop success, provides the most valuable array of information, where people may draw as they seek to develop alternative businesses anchored to the principles of social economy. John Lewis’ legal form has been used to distinguish it from other businesses. Firstly, John Lewis partnership has a constitution guiding the operational processes. The shareholders profits do not dictate, but it based on a series of its principles. On this case, the members’ happiness is considered the supreme purposes of the partnership. Such happiness relies on the workers having a satisfying job in a successful business (Gomm 2004, p.6). John Lewis partnership employs the principles of conscious capitalism to run the organization. The employees and not an individual own the company. The paper will expound briefly on the background of John Lewis partnership and conscious capitalism. It will also evaluate both John Lewis and Conscious capitalism principles and their applicability. Finally, it will also look into how the partnership uses the principles of capitalism to run. John Lewis became a first legal entity in the year 1929 after the creation of the initial trust settlement. All of the company’s profits were available for distribution among the partners of the company, which are the employees. The founder of the John Lewis partnership, Spedan Lewis, had to sacrifice his personal ownership in order to fulfill his underlying dream

Narrative Essay Essay Example for Free

Narrative Essay Essay Purpose: The journey I had while selling magazines was memorable because I met a lot people and saw many fun places. Thesis Statement: Selling magazines doesn’t sound fun, but doing it all over the U. S. was the best experience that anyone could imagine as well as meeting new people and seeing so many new places. It all started one sunny afternoon in sunny Oceanside, CA on the Camp Pendleton marine base. I was staying with a friend and I looked on craigslist and checked the newspaper for jobs, when I came across an ad in the paper that read â€Å"A COOL TRAVEL JOB† so I decided to call the number just to see what it was all about. When the lady answered the phone she said, â€Å"Thanks for calling Success Express how I can help you? † and I replied hi my name is Katie and I am calling about the ad in the paper. The lady that answered the phone was Shellie and she asked me some questions and gave me an over the phone interview. When that was done she asked when I would be able to start and I said as soon as possible, then she said to call back in 30 minutes and I would know if I got the job. See more: how to start a personal narrative essay examples Selling magazines didn’t sound fun, but doing it all over the US would be a great experience that I couldn’t imagine doing and also meeting new people sounds fun as well as seeing new places. So 30 minutes later I called back and sure enough I got the job. Shellie sent me a bus ticket for the next day I got on the Greyhound bus and was on my way to Mesa, Arizona to meet up with the crew. When I finally arrived in Arizona after a long bus ride I went to the Ramada Inn where the crew was staying. It was around noon so of course the crew was out working. I met Shellie and she got me into my room where I showered and got ready to meet the crew. Later on after the crew got off work, I finally got to meet everyone, who in a way was kind of scary because I wasn’t sure how they were, but surprising enough they were really nice and welcoming. I had a trainer whose name was Tatiana and she gave me the rules and showed me around the crew and just gave me a rundown on what it was that we actually would be doing. After that it was pretty late so we called it a night and went to bed so we could be ready for the next day. So now the journey officially began. We woke up the next day got ready and then had a meeting to get pumped up to sell some magazines. Oh boy, let me tell you that meeting was something else. There was singing songs, spill contests, and just a bunch of positivity all around that you would have thought you were in a cult, but of course you weren’t. The meeting was over and we finally left in a 15 passenger van to go to a neighborhood or an apartment complex where we would get dropped off and do our thing to sell magazines. Now of course we got paid, but it was on commission only so you only made money on what you sold. Sounds hard, but not really it was like we were in a contest so it made it a little easier to talk to people because they would want to help you win so if all they had to do is buy a magazine to get you points they would. Don’t get me wrong not everyone would buy one so you really had to put your charm on. A great day would be selling 10 magazines, but anywhere from 5-7 would be a good day and you would still make good money. There were so many states that I saw and loved but just to name a couple that I really loved and were my favorite was Hawaii, Guam and Alaska. These places were amazing and those are the places that I made so much money. In Hawaii we stayed in a hotel right on the beach and would have free time to do what we wanted to like go shopping, play at the beach and even go to the bars. It wasn’t just about having fun though we also had to work, see in Hawaii there is a lot of military so we would work on the bases and sell to the soldiers. The military bases are what we called our money makers because the soldiers would buy a lot of magazines and would pay in cash so it really secured our orders. Guam was a lot like Hawaii sunny warm and water all around you. The local territory was little more different than Hawaii because they spoke Chamorro which is the language they speak there. Not everyone spoke different, but the ones that did were hard to understand. The people were all so very nice in Guam they would always offer you food and that is one thing with people in Guam if they offer you food you must take it because they consider it an insult if you say no thank you. The thing that I remember most about Guam is the stray dogs, but there they call them boonie dogs. These dogs would be all over and look so shaggy and some of them would chase you. Was sometimes scary, but most of the time they would leave you alone. Now for Alaska, I love it very cold, but I could see myself living there one day. Yes we would sell magazines in the freezing cold but of course we were bundled in warm clothes. Everyone in Alaska is so nice and welcoming. Alaska is where I had my high day of selling magazines which was 20 sales, boy I was a happy camper. I also saw my first bald eagle. One thing about Alaska is in the summer time it never gets dark so it’s such a different feeling, I think it would be hard to sleep when it’s still light outside. You would definitely have to get use to the weather, but it is still one of my favorite places. So selling magazines ended up being a very memorable experience for me because I never would have thought I would have seen so many cool places in the world. If you ever get to do an experience that would take you all over the country do it because you definitely won’t forget it. Selling magazines might not sound fun to some people, but it was my most memorable journey in my life so far and I am glad I did because then I would not have met new people and saw new places.

Pizza Hut Report Correction1 Essay Example for Free

Pizza Hut Report Correction1 Essay Pizza Hut, Inc. is the largest pizza restaurant in the world in terms of both the number of outlets and the percentage of market share it holds. On June 15th, 1958, two brothers Dan and Frank Carney opened the first Pizza Hut restaurant in Wichita, Kansas. A friend suggested to them that they should open a pizza palor, the brothers agreed that the idea could prove successful. The Carney brothers borrowed $600 from their mother to start the business with friend John Bender. Renting a small building in downtown Wichita and purchasing second hand equipment to make pizzaz, the Carneys and Bender opened the first Pizza Hut restaurant. On the opening night of the restaurant, they gave pizza away to encourage community interest. Pizza Hut, Inc. oversees more than 11,000 pizza restaurants and delivery outlets in 90 countries, for example, Trinidad and Tobago, worldwide. A Pizza Hut restaurant is characterized by a particular freestanding design with a prominent red roof. The restaurants are full-service, eat- in/carryout with about 60-90 seatings, open from 11 a. m. to midnight. Pizza Hut delivers pizzas, pasta and wings. They were not only the first to provide America with Pan Pizza, but they were also the first ever online purchase. SID: 1517851/1 Mission Statement Pizza Hut, Inc. mission statement is: We take pride in making a perfect pizza and providing courteous and helpful service on time all the time. Every customer says, â€Å"I’ll be back! † Another part of Pizza Hut, Inc. mission statement is: We are accountable for profitability in everything we do, providing our shareholders with value growth. Pizza Hut core values goes by the acronym P. E. A. R. L. S PASSION for excellence in doing everything EXECUTE with positive energy and need ACCOUNTABLE for growth in customer satisfaction RECOGNIZE the achievement of others and have fun doing it LISTEN and more importantly, respond to the voice of the customer. SID: 1517851/1 Financial Summary SID: 1517851/1 Marketing Mix 7 P’s Product ? Pizza Hut only sells pizzas but deals in a variety of other products such as appetizers, beverages, desserts, pastas ?Pizza Hut mainly sells four types of pizzas with three sizes, namely small, regular and large. Those are Pan pizzas, Sausage crust pizzas, stuffed crust pizzas, thin crust pizzas. Price ? Pizza Hut follows a high/low pricing (â€Å"Price Skimming†) strategy. Thing high/low strategy has several advantages for Pizza Hut such as: ?Use to create excitement SID: 1517851/1? Set high price initially to send a signal that its products are best in quality and service offered in excellent. ?In competition either from pizza players or from substitutes, Pizza Hut has also reduced price by maintaining the same level of customer service and quality. Promotion ? Media advertising ?Sales promotion ?Special events and experiences ?Public relations ?Coupons ?Discount Process ? The customers are invited to check the ingredients used. ? Delivery on time or free next time ?Take away refined carryout procedures to provide faster, more efficient service rapidly expanded the delivery operations throughout the country implementing combination operations Place ? Pizza Hut’s first method of distribution is delivery. ?Offers dine-in ?Online ordering ?Largest competitive advantages is the restaurant style facility SID: 1517851/1 People ? Pizza Hut have a standard uniform for their employees ?Employees are well trained ?They maintain the customer and employee relationship in good manner. Deliver consistent standards of hospitality. ?They always appear well groomed Physical Evidence ? Pizza Hut focuses on neat and clean environment ?The staff believes that they are providing the superior quality to their every customer ? They have a pleasing environment ?Nice interior decorations which looks rich SID: 1517851/1 Marketing Mix Summary Pizza Hut, Inc. mainly sells Pan pizzas, stuffed crust pizzas, sausage crust pizza, thin crust pizzas. They follow a â€Å"high/low pricing† strategy as far as its new product are concerned where it fixes the price higher than its competitors and then gradually lowers the price below the competitor’s prices. Pizza Hut offers dine-in and also delivery, their employees are well trained and well groomed. The food manufacturing process at the restaurant is completely transparent. Pizza Hut focuses on neat and clean environment. They promote their business through advertising, human relations et chetera. SID: 1517851/1 Market Analysis Suppliers – Some of Pizza Hut’s suppliers in Trinidad are Arawak, Flour Mills, Coca- Cola, SOLO and Blue Waters. Public – The bank, employees, media governments and T. V has a big impact on the company due to the storing of their money, getting workers to get the job done and advertising. Intermedians – There are no intermedians for this company. Customers – Competitors – Pizza Hut’s competitors in Trinidad are Dominos, Marios, Pizza Boys, Joe’s Pizza and Papa John’s. The market share in the pizza business is very high due to the amount of brand name pizzas, therefore if you want to go into the pizza business, I suggest you go under one of the brand name companies. SID: 1517851/1 PESTLE Political – Political issues may affect the business in different ways. There are political factors in Trinidad affecting Pizza Hut due to competition. Factors such as laws on business employment, taxation and pollution apply on the organization which it has to follow regarding the rules. Environmental There are no laws that are really affecting the company environmental wise, However, the company must contribute to the community in some way. Socio-Cultural – Every country has cultural norms, values, beliefs and religion which can affect the organization. Technology – Today’s techonology is improving. Due to new technology the company is able to bake and heat products faster which provides efficient service. There are also new ways of marketing for instance, internet; telemarketing and the organization can advertise their products with much more faster pace. Management Information System helps in collecting customer data, daily transactions and forecasting. Legal – Due to daily operations, the laws are not affecting this business in any way. Economic – Once the country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is high, this will be a great signal for the business as the per capita income of the people will be increased SID: 1517851/1 and they will spend more money. In Trinidad and Tobago the GDP is high which is a great signal for this organization. Reference List SID: 1517851/1 https://order. pizzahut. com/home? http://www. slideshare. net/deepankarverma73/pizza-hutreport related=1 SID: 1517851/1 SID: 1517851/1 Module Title: Marketing Essentials Module Code: Due Date: Thursday 16th, April 2015 Word Count: 1000.

What Are The Prospects Of Underwater Building Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Prospects Of Underwater Building Environmental Sciences Essay Population in Egypt increased in the last 10 years and reached 80 million with average annual growth 2.04%. Traffic congestion is the largest problem that Egypt faces, and it has a great effect on air quality, travelling time, business, and cost. The government always tries to solve the congestion by building new bridges, flyovers and subways, but unfortunately it fails due to the increase of population. In this report there is a study on building with a new technology which is building underwater. Although underwater buildings exist since 1960 but no one have heard about it. Building underwater will be advantageous to the environment if people succeed in achieving it. Everything can be built underwater like Houses, hotels, spa, restaurants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ etc. to let people have a good life or vacation. The glamour view underwater of fishes, coral reefs and different creatures encourages people to build and live there. This report will discuss the possibility and the advantages of underwater buildings. The first section will define what underwater buildings are, and show the advantages and acceptance of them. The second will discuss the effect of underwater buildings on the environment. The third one will discuss the effect of underwater buildings on social life and the means of transportation. The fourth will discuss the materials used, ways of building and special requirements. The fifth will introduce the problems which face the underwater buildings. The sixth will show the ventilation systems that are used. The seventh, will be examples of existing and upcoming underwater buildings that make the reader able to visualize the idea well, and able to connect all the parts of report together. Finally, the conclusion will support and recommend building and living underwater to decrease congestion and pollution on the surface of the earth. What are underwater buildings? According to Dr. Khaled Abdelhady (Professor in architecture engineering, Shoubra University), underwater buildings are structures built underwater for different purposes each according to the type of building constructed (personal communication, 2010). It all started in the 1960s by Jacques Cousteaus team in the form of underwater research stations (underwater habitat, 2006). Underwater buildings already exist, but have you ever thought about going to an underwater building? Underwater building is the future foundation that has a great impact on the environment, we will be facing some problems while applying this technology but if we succeed in achieving it, it will be advantageous to our environment as it gets populated. It is true what was written in the Evolo magazine: Approximately 71% of the Earths surface is ocean, even more if climate change has its way; hence it is only natural progression that we will populate the seas someday. (Water-Scraper: Underwater Architecture, 2010). 1.1 Background on underwater building types When Dr. Khaled Abdelhady was asked about the types of underwater buildings he talked about the following types: 1.1.1 Infra Structures He said that infra structures are footings of buildings made under the water to let the building itself above the water, for example the bridges connecting cities like the golden gate bridge shown in figure 1.1 when you can see the base of bridge placed under the water (personal communication,2010). DSI_Seismic_Retrofit_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg Figure 1.1: Golden gate bridge (source: www.google.com) 1.1.2 Research centers Second, Dr. Khaled talked about the research centers underwater. He said that there are two types of centers, first is an underwater livings research center which examine and observe creatures underwater, and second there are scientific centers which search for petroleum in the bottom of seas and oceans (personal communication, 2010) 1.1.3 Tunnels As for underwater tunnels Dr. Khaled Said they are passage ways constructed underwater. There is a type made for internet main cables to be divided all over the world, telephone lines, and others. Other type is made for cars to go through underwater channels but for short distance rivers or water passages like tunnel Ahmed Hamdi at the Suez Canal in Egypt (personal communication, 2010). 1.1.4 Museums As for museums underwater, Dr. Khaled said there are 2 types, first one are museums made to see the underwater livings without having to go through the dangers of diving and for very old adults to be able to see them too, second there are museums made to see the old sunken monuments, why underwater? So that you can see them they exact way they were found in a beautiful creative way. And it has already been constructed like in Vasa Museum in Stockholm (personal communication, 2010). 1.1.5 Hotels restaurants and entertainments Another type that Dr. Khaled Abdelhady talked about was the entertainment types of buildings. There are hotels, spas, and restaurants built underwater so that people could have a nice a vacation, a massage or a meal while watching the fishes and creatures underwater. There are also games made underwater like in Disney land roller coaster as shown in figure 1.2 when you can see people getting into the water while on the roller coaster (personal communication, 2010).manta.jpg Figure 1.2: Disney land roller coaster (Source: www.google.com) 1.2 Advantage and acceptance of underwater buildings Underwater buildings have a lot of advantages to people in Egypt. It will lower the crowded places above land. It will increase the technology usage to be able to build it. It will help improve tourism as people will come from all over the world for entertainment under the red sea, and enjoyment of the astonishing numerous kinds of fishes and corals, and in same time conserve the corals from being touched and hurt by people diving. After asking a large number of people if they would accept going to an underwater city for entertainment, vacation or tourism, it was surprising that most people accepted the idea. This means that if the idea actually gets accomplished, it will be widely spread between people so quickly and it will be successful in Egypt. And as you can see in figure 1.3 the number of people accepting is about triple the number of people refusing. Figure 1.3: Chart shows the number of the acceptance and refusing people 3. Social aspects Overcrowding is considered the worlds problem, which is growing constantly and leads to many other problems. This serious dilemma prompted people to think about the colonization of the oceans, which led them to think about the underwater buildings. As we know, water covers 70% of the earths surface, while land areas form a very small percentage. Taking a look at the earth from outer space, we will find that the blue color dominates, and this will raise a lot of questions about how to exploit these areas. From this point, people begin to study the possibility of building underwater and make use of such great surfaces. Lets find out if people will welcome the idea of living underwater in the future, or it will be a useless project. Due to high cost, these underwater buildings will be limited to a certain level of people, and may be considered as a kind of prosperity. However, if we take into account that the technology advances, so there will be a way to reduce the cost. But if complete cities were built underwater, would people accept such change in their life. Some people cannot live without the sun and do not imagine themselves in a place somewhat isolated. Others want really to try this new life, and enjoy the calmness and the glorious vision. In conclusion, living underwater may become a reality if its benefits overcome its difficulties and problems. 3.1 Means of transportation After searching for the possible means of transportation to live under water, it was found that there are two possibilities. First, as many people will think, submarines would serve as the main mean of transportation. For example, thinking about its cost and applicability, we will find that it is the suitable one. Lets move to the other possibility, at a larger scale, and talk about underwater tunnels. There are some existing underwater tunnels, which would be very effective to attain a certain underwater building or complete city in the future. For example, in Dubai, Hydropolis is an underwater hotel, but it is still under construction. As it is described in figure 3.1, the developers of this project explains: It will include three elements: the land station, where guests will be welcomed, the connecting tunnel, which will transport people by train to the main area of the hotel, and the 220 suites within the submarine leisure complex.(Joachim Hauser, N.D.). C:UserspcDesktopHydropolis dubai.jpg Figure 3.1: The land station of Hydropolis (Source: Design build, ND.) 4. Construction and structure aspects 4.1 The material used   Although many materials exist for building, the one that meet the requirements with the lowest costs are to be chosen. At this level the cost will be minimized. . When choosing the materials to be used in the construction, it is important to ensure that the weight limit is not exceeded. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) The main material used for construction underwater was a special type of steel and acrylic. The acrylic material is used mainly for visibility, while the steel is used for reinforcements (supports). (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) High strength steel is used as it is relatively cheap, and has its high yield strength. It is not also a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is a high corrosion resistance. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj )   Acrylic material is used instead of glass; It is better than glass due to being less dense, and it is also has higher impact strength than the glass. Acrylic gives the natural size and colors of the surrounding materials than glass. It is also good insulator of electricity which is good in seeking the health and safety of customers and underwater creatures. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) 4.2 Construction It is known that the wages for underwater construction would be greater than on land construction, due to the difficulty faced during the working underwater. Another problem would arise; the building is large in size. For solving these problems, they divide the building into parts and building each part on land then assemble them under the water. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj, ..) 4.3 Maintenance The maintenance process is a costly process especially when dealing with an underwater maintenance. The below figure shows us how this problem can be solved, by dividing the building into parts that can be separated from the whole building; these parts can be transferred to land so that a cheaper maintenance can take place. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) Figure 4.1: The maintenance process (Source: Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj) The transparent part of the building should be always clean, so that the customers can see the marine clearly in all the time. This situation can be achieved by an automated system which uses a self cleaning coating known as the smart material. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) 5 Problem which face underwater building 5.1 Cost Building under water is a very expensive process due to the machines, instruments and skilled workers. Building under water also contains some of welfare as figures (5.1, 5.2) illustrate and it needs to huge budget.Poseidon Figure 5.1: Example of under waters welfare (Source: blog.hotelclub.com/top-five-underwater-hotels/) Dreams, however fabulous, remain unfulfilled without the cash to support the commitment; the hardest part of the process was finding sponsorship to the tune of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬550m.Thats what brought me to Dubai. Still, it was a battle which took two-and-a-half years and proved tougher than developing the project itself. No bank would pay such an amount. Its a risky investment, as there are no pilots. We had to convince investors that it is safe and will bring returns on investment. (Hauser, ND), so companies accept to co-operate with its rival to complete under water building project. 5.2 The problem of Erosion Erosion  is the process of  weathering  and transport of solids (sediment,  soil,  rock  and other particles) in the natural environment or their source and deposits them elsewhere. It usually occurs due to  transport  by wind, water, or ice so engineers should choose the appropriate materials for under water building. 5.3 The location of petroleum Figure 5.2 shows that any accident may happen in the sea to the drilling machines and machinery for searching for oil or to any ship in the sea may harm the design of the building and it is out of control.C:UsersHPDesktoppaste.jpg Figure 5.2: The accident of the drilling machine (Source: http://Oc-Po/Petroleum-from-the Ocean.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com http://www.waterencyclopedia.com http://www.waterencyclopedia.comunderwater-hotels/) 5.4 The problem of heat of water The temperature of the water is highly variable over the surface of the water, it is heated from the surface downward by sunlight, but at depth most of the water is very cold. (Martha R.  Scott, ND) 5.5 The problem of pressure Pressure plays a big role in influencing the foundations of the building also workers face difficulties either during the construction process or during the maintenance process. 6. Environmental building aspects No doubt that the first thing that comes in our mind while talking about underwater buildings is the problem of ventilation. Ventilation is defined as a: process of supplying fresh air to an enclosed space and removing from it air contaminated by odors, gases, or smoke . Therefore, there must be a source of renewable air that helps in breathing, and getting rid of undesirable gases, like carbon dioxide and others. Lets explore a solution, for the ventilation problem, that was applied while building Holland tunnel, an underwater tunnel. Tunnels, specifically, have a great problem with ventilation, due to gases produced by trains and automobiles. This problem was addressed by Clifford Holland, the tunnels designer. His aim was to find ways to clear exhaust fumes and pump in fresh air, achieving this by using ventilation towers, like the one illustrated in figure 5.1, and fans to move air in and out. Finally, air can be renewed every 90 seconds. (Howstuffworks, ND.) Figure 6.1: Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower (Source: Eric and Edith Matson, ND.) The ventilation systems that can be applied while building, can be divided into two methods: natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation depends on an open window if the architecture permits, so it cannot be used in underwater buildings. Therefore, mechanical ventilation is applied to ventilate these buildings. The most important thing is the way to get oxygen needed for breathing. Breathing under water could happen in several ways; such as hydrolyzing the sea water, reversing osmosis, or suctioning methods through air pumps. (Chamberland, ND.). Oxygen can be extracted from seawater since people will live underwater, and it will be a practical method. Reverse osmosis is an effective method used in water treatment; and in the future it will be used to get oxygen, while living underwater. Suctioning oxygen, using air pumps, would help in both getting oxygen and providing good ventilation. 7. Examples 7.1 Dubai Underwater Hotel It is still under development. The hotel location will be 33 feet underwater. Its total cost is over $550 million. The land station will be connected with the underwater section with a 515 meter long tunnel through which an automatic train will transport people to the underwater hotel. It is 260 hectares area consisted of 220 suits bubble shaped 20 meters underwater. The hotel will also have several security measures. It has a series of watertight doors in case of any rapture. It will also have its own missile defensive system in case of any terrorist attack. 7.2 UNDERSEA RESORTS- Poseidon Mystery Island The idea was for the American engineer Bruce Jones. The Poseidon Resorts Mystery Island shown in figure 7.1 could be reached by elevator. It is a 1.1 million square foot , 40 feet under water. Room standard area is 550 square foot. (wayfaring,2007) . The budget of the project is $100 million. http://www.wayfaring.info/images/poseidon_mystery_island_5.jpg Figure 7.1: Poseidon Mystery Island (Source: www.wayfaring.info) 7.3 Ithaa underwater restaurant It is the 1st of its kind in the world. It is 16 feet below the surface of Indian Ocean. It is encased in clear acrylic. The ithaa restaurant can be reached by a wooden walkway shown in figure 6.2 from over the water. It was hard to build it on the beach of rangali due to technical challenge, limited resources and quality problems. (Wikipedia, 2010). It was constructed in Singapore. Its construction began in May 2004, and it was completed in October 2004 including installation of the acrylic arches, air conditioning and electric ducts. Its life span is 20 years. http://travel.spotcoolstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/under3.jpg Figure 7.2: Ithaa underwater restaurant (Source: www. Wikipedia.com) 7.4 Jules Undersea Lodge It is the worlds first underwater hotel, originally built in the early 1970s. It was opened to the public in 1986. (hotelclub,2007).The entrance to the hotel is 21 feet underwater on the sea floor. The Lodge is fully stocked with compressed air.